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The namesake and unifying feature of the Northern Appalachian/Acadian Ecoregion is the northern part of the Appalachian Mountains, which, along with the maritime and coast influences, have defined the geologic, natural and cultural history of the northeast. The NAP Ecoregion extends from the Tug Hill and Adirondack ranges of New York, across the Green Mountains of Vermont and the White Mountains of New Hampshire, then into Maine and Maritime Canada. It includes all the provinces of New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island, as well as Nles-de-la-Madeleine (Magdalene Islands) and the part of Quibec extending from the Gaspi Peninsula southwesterly through the Appalachian complex of eastern Quibec to the United States border, south of Sherbrooke.

At 83 million acres, this is more than twice the area addressed in the first NAP plan and encompasses parts of four provinces as well as four states. It includes the largest expanse of forest remaining in eastern America south of the Boreal zone.